[Term] Office: 1574 Grace Bldg.

Thursday 6:30-8:30 PM Phone (Hunter College):

1570 Grace Bldg. (212) 772-5500 or 5507

e-mail: apolsky@shiva.

hunter.cuny.edu
 
 

Course Description
 

This seminar offers an overview of the American political system and an introduction to major scholarly controversies in the American politics subfield of the discipline. Throughout the course a strong emphasis will be placed on the historical development of political institutions. Following a session on various approaches to the study of American politics, the first unit will focus on the framework of American politics, including American political culture(s), the constitutional foundations of national politics, and the patterning of inclusion/exclusion in the political community. Next the course will turn to political participation and linkage institutions (public opinion, parties, elections, interest groups). The final unit will cover key national institutions -- the presidency, Congress, the courts, and the bureaucracy. An overview session at the end of the course will highlight connections across units and emerging scholarship about American politics. We will regularly address issues and problems in teaching an introductory undergraduate course in American politics.
 

Course Requirements
 

1. Complete assigned readings before class meetings. Students may be asked to summarize reading assignments to establish a framework for discussion. Contribution to the class discussion will be considered in the calculation of the final grade for the course.
 

2. Complete all written assignments. Written work consists of three review essays and a final exam. The review essays should examine books chosen from the recommended readings on this syllabus (including the supplemental topics) or other books approved by the instructor.

Please select one book from each unit of the course. Review essays should be approximately 8-10 pages. Each review essay will be due one week after we complete the course unit; the final review essay will be due at the time of the final exam. While incompletes are a tradition in graduate study, this course, with no research paper, is designed to be finished on time. Late papers will be penalized when there is not a valid reason for lateness. The four written assignments will be given equal weight in the computation of the written component of the grade.
 
 
 

Books for Purchase
 

The titles listed here are available through the Hunter College Bookstore, operated by Barnes and Noble, located at Lexington Avenue and 68th Street. Note that these books (and/or the assigned chapters) are also on reserve at the graduate school library. Review the number

of chapters assigned before you decide whether you wish to purchase the book.
 

John H. Aldrich, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).

Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton University Press, 1989).

Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations (Westview Press, 1994).

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (Any inexpensive paperback edition, e.g., Bantam).

Peter Nardulli, ed., The Constitution and American Political Development: An Institutional Perspective (University of Illinois Press, 1992).

Mark P. Petracca, ed., The Politics of Interests: Interest Groups Transformed (Westview Press, 1992).

Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change? (University of Chicago Press, 1992).

Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to George Bush (Harvard University Press, 1993).

John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
 

Reserve Readings
 

The articles and books listed below will be found in the course pack that may be purchased at the Hunter College Bookstore. Both the pack and the individual articles have been placed on reserve in the Graduate School library.
 

Brian Balogh, "Reorganizing the Organizational Synthesis: Federal-Professional Relations in Modern America," Studies in American Political Development 5 (Spring 1991): 119-72.

Roger Davidson, "The Emergence of the Post-Reform Congress," in Davidson, ed., The Postreform Congress (1992), pp. 3-23.

Mark Graber, "The Non-Majoritarian Difficulty: Legislative Deference to the Judiciary," Studies in American Political Development 7 (1) (Spring 1993): 35-73.

Fred I. Greenstein, "Change and Continuity in the Modern Presidency," chap. 2 in Anthony King, ed., The New American Political System (1979), pp. 45-86.

David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development: Liberty, Union, and the Liberal Bipolarity," Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986): 1-49.

Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (1955, 1991), chap. 1 "The Concept of a Liberal Society," pp. 3-32.

Hugh Heclo, "Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment," chap. 3 in Anthony King, ed., The New American Political System (1979), pp. 87-124.

Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, "Studying Substantive Democracy," PS: Political Science & Politics 27 (1) (March 1994): 9-17.

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78 (3) (1984): 734-49.

Paula D. McClain and John A. Garcia, "Expanding Disciplinary Boundaries: Black, Latino, and Racial Minority Group Politics in Political Science," in Ada W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline II (1993), pp. 247-79.

Eileen L. McDonagh, "Gender Politics and Political Change," in Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., New Perspectives on American Politics (1994), pp. 58-73.

Michael L. Mezey, "Legislatures: Individual Purpose and Institutional Performance," in Ada W. Finifter, ed., Political Science: The State of the Discipline II (1993), pp. 335-64.

William C. Mitchell and Michael C. Munger, "Economic Models of Interest Groups: An Introductory Survey," American Journal of Political Science 35 (2) (May 1991): 512-46.

Bert A. Rockman, "The Federal Executive: Equilibrium and Change," in Bryan D. Jones, The New American Politics: Reflections on Political Change and the Clinton Administration (1995), pp. 144-64.

Martin Shefter, Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (1994), chap. 3 "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States," pp. 61-97.

Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach,"

Journal of Theoretical Politics 1 (2) (1989): 131-47.

Rogers M. Smith, "Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America," American Political Science Review 87 (3) (September 1993): 549-66.

Rogers M. Smith, "If Politics Matters: Implications for a `New Institutionalism,'" Studies in

American Political Development 6 (1) (Spring 1992): 1-36.

Jeffrey K. Tulis, "The Two Constitutional Presidencies," in Michael Nelson, ed., The Presidency and the Political System, 4th ed., pp. 91-123.

James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (1989), chap. 5 "Interests," pp. 72-89.

Sheldon S. Wolin, The Presence of the Past (1989), chap. 5 "Tending and Intending a Constitution: Bicentennial Misgivings," pp. 82-99.
 
 
 
 
 

Schedule of Topics and Reading Assignments
 

Required readings are preceded by a double asterisk. You should read them in the order in which they are listed. Additional readings for each topic (listed alphabetically) are intended as a guide to further research and planning for undergraduate instruction, and so include a mix of classic works, new scholarship, and popularized treatments.

The syllabus includes a number of supplemental topics that may be covered in an introductory undergraduate American politics course. These topics are listed below at the approximate point at which they would be covered in such a course. I encourage you to explore the supplemental topics as time permits. You may select books for review drawn from these headings.
 

September 4th. Introduction and Overview.

**Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, "Conversations on the Study of American Politics: An Introduction", chap. 1 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 1-22.
 

September 11th. Conceptual Models for the Study of American Institutions.

**James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life." [Reserve]

**Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Studying Institutions: Some Lessons from the Rational Choice Approach." [Reserve]

**John Aldrich, "Rational Choice Theory and the Study of American Politics," chap. 9 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 208-34.

**Elaine K. Swift and David W. Brady, "Common Ground: History and Theories of American

Politics," chap. 4 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 83-104.

**Rogers M. Smith, "If Politics Matters: Implications for a `New Institutionalism.'" [Reserve]

Gabriel Almond, "The Return to the State," American Political Science Review 82 (3) (1988):

853-74.

Martin Carnoy, The State and Political Theory (1984).

Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957).

Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In

(1985).

Gunnar Grendstad and Per Selle, "Cultural Theory and the New Institutionalism," Journal of Theoretical Politics 7 (1) (1995): 5-27.

Calvin Jillson, "Patterns and Periodicity in American National Politics," chap. 2 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 24-58.

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of

Politics (1989).

Eric F. Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (1981).

Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (1965).

"Polity Forum: Institutions and Institutionalism," Polity 28 (1) (Fall 1995): 84-140.
 
 
 

Part One: The Frameworks of American Politics
 

September 18th. American Political Culture.

**Louis Hartz, Liberal Tradition in America, chap. 1 "The Concept of a Liberal Society."

[Reserve]

**David Greenstone, "Political Culture and American Political Development." [Reserve]

**Russell L. Hanson, "Liberalism and the Course of American Social Welfare Policy," chap. 6 in

Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 132-59.

**Sven H. Steinmo, "American Exceptionalism Reconsidered: Culture or Institutions?" chap. 5 in

Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 106-31.

John Patrick Diggens, The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self Interest, and the

Foundations of Liberalism (1985).

Daniel J. Elazar, The American Mosaic: The Impact of Space, Time, and Culture on AmericanPolitics (1994).

Richard J. Ellis, American Political Cultures (1993).

David F. Ericson, The Shaping of American Liberalism: The Debates over Ratification, Nullification, and Slavery (1993).

J. David Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism (1993).

Russell L. Hanson, The Democratic Imagination in America (1985).

Samuel Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (1980).

Robert Kelley, "Ideology and Political Culture from Jefferson to Nixon," American Historical Review 82 (1977): 531-82.

James A. Morone, The Democratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits of American Government (1990).

J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment (1975).

Robert H. Wiebe, A Cultural History of American Democracy (1995).

Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1992).
 

September 25th. The Constitutional Framework.

**Federalist Papers, nos. 9-11, 37-39, 45-46, 48-49, 51, 56-57, 62-63, 68-70, 78, 84.

**Peter F. Nardulli, "The Constitution and American Politics," chap. 1 in Nardulli, ed., Constitution and American Political Development, pp. 3-31.

**Sheldon S. Wolin, Presence of the Past, chap. 5 "Tending and Intending a Constitution: Bicentennial Misgivings." [Reserve]

Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Volume 1: Foundations (1991, 1993).

Thornton Anderson, Creating the Constitution: The Convention of 1787 and the First Congress (1993).

Martin Diamond, The Founding of the Democratic Republic (1981).

Daniel J. Elazer, The American Constitutional Tradition (1988).

Wayne D. Moore, Constitutional Rights and Powers of the People (1996).

Martin H. Redish, The Constitution as Political Structure (1995).

William H. Riker, The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution (1996). Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Anti-Federalist (1985).

Herbert J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (1981).

Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (1969).
 

Supplemental Topic. Federalism.

Samuel Beer, To Make a Nation: The Rediscovery of American Federalism (1993).

Raoul Berger, Federalism: The Founders' Design (1987).

Vincent Ostrom, The Meaning of American Federalism: Constituting a Self-Governing Society (1991).

Paul Peterson, The Price of Federalism (1995).

David B. Walker, The Rebirth of Federalism: Slouching toward Washington (1995).
 

October 9th. Power and the American Political Economy. (Half period)

**Edward S. Greenberg, "Macroeconomic Change and Political Transformation in the United States," chap. 7 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 160-81.

John C. Berg, Unequal Struggle: Class, Gender, Race, and Power in the U.S. Congress (1994)

Thomas Ferguson, Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Political Systems (1995).

Edward S. Greenberg, Capitalism and the American Political Ideal (1985).

Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets: The World's Political and Economic Systems (1977), chaps. 12-15.

Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (1966).

Nelson W. Polsby, Community Power and Political Theory: A Further Look at Problems of Evidence and Inference (1980).

David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America (1989).
 

October 9th. Expanding the Political Community: Civil Rights and the Challenges of Inclusion. (Half period)

**Rogers M. Smith, "Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America." [Reserve]

**Paula D. McClain and John A. Garcia, "Expanding Disciplinary Boundaries: Black, Latino, and Racial Minority Group Politics in Political Science." [Reserve]

**Eileen L. McDonagh, "Gender Politics and Political Change." [Reserve]

Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman, eds., Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act 1965-1990 (1994).

Michael C. Dawson, Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics (1994).

Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972 (1990).

Rodney Hero, Latinos and the U.S. Political System: Two-Tiered Pluralism (1992).

Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream: Race, Class, and the Soul of the Nation (1995).

Robert Huckfeldt and Carol Weitzel Kohfeld, Race and the Decline of Class in American Politics (1989).

Donald W. Jackson, Even the Children of Strangers: Equality Under the U.S. Constitution (1992).

Desmond King, Separate and Unequal: Black Americans and the U.S. Federal Government (1995).

Andrew Kull, The Color-Blind Constitution (1992).

Michael McGerr, "Political Style and Women's Power, 1830-1930," Journal of American History 77 (December 1990): 864-85.

Richard M. Merelman, "Racial Conflict and Cultural Politics in the United States," Journal of Politics 56 (1) (February 1994): 1-20.

Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (1991).

Katherine Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation's Work: The Rise of Women's Political Culture, 1830-1900 (1995).

Mark V. Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961 (1994).
 

Supplemental Topic. Civil Liberties.

Margaret A. Blanchard, Revolutionary Sparks: Freedom of Expression in Modern America (1992).

David Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (1994).

James L. Gibson, "Political Intolerance and Political Repression During the McCarthy Red Scare," American Political Science Review 82 (2) (1988): 511-29.

Gregg Ivers, Redefining the First Freedom: The Supreme Court and the Consolidation of State Power (1992).

David A.J. Richards, Toleration and the Constitution (1986).

Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech (1993).
 
 
 

Part Two: Linkage Institutions and Political Participation
 

October 16th. Public Opinion and Political Behavior.

**John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, chaps. TBA.

**Robert Huckfeldt and Paul Allen Beck, "Contexts, Intermediaries, and Political Behavior," chap. 11 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 252-76.

**Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, "Studying Substantive Democracy." [Reserve]

Michael X. Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter, What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters (1996).

James L. Gibson and Richard D. Bingham. "On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Political Tolerance," American Political Science Review 76 (3) (1982): 603-20.

Robert Huckfeldt and John Sprague, Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign (1995).

Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder, News That Matters: Television and American Public Opinion (1987).

Kathleen Jamieson, Dirty Politics (1992).

Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos: Public Attitudes Toward Capitalism

and Democracy (1984).

Norman H. Nie, Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry, Education and Democratic Citizenship in America (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1996).

Benjamin I. Page, Who Deliberates? Mass Media in Modern Democracy (1995)

Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, "Effects of Public Opinion on Policy," American Political Science Review 77 (1983): 175-90.

Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences (1992)

Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns (1991).

Steven J. Rosenstone and John Mark Hansen, Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (1993).

James A. Stimson, Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings (1991).

Sidney Verba and Gary Orren, Equality in America: The View from the Top (1985).

Hanes Walton, Jr., ed., Black Politics and Black Political Behavior (1994).
 

October 23rd and 30th. Political Parties, Elections, and Electoral Regimes.

**John H. Aldrich, Why Parties?

**Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution.

Courtney Brown, Ballots of Tumult: A Portrait of Volatility in American Voting (1991).

Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (1970).

Angus Campbell, et al., The American Voter (1960).

Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale, Partisan Realignment: Voters, Parties, and Government in American History (1980).

John J. Coleman, Party Decline in America: Policy, Politics, and the Fiscal State (1996).

Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System (1969).

Richard L. McCormick, The Party Period and Public Policy: American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era (1986).

Peter F. Nardulli, "The Concept of a Critical Realignment, Electoral Behavior, and Political Change," American Political Science Review 89 (1) (March 1995): 10-22.

Kelly D. Patterson, Political Parties and the Maintenance of Liberal Democracy (1996).

Gerald M. Pomper, Passions and Interests: Political Party Concepts of American Democracy (1992).

Nicol C. Rae, Southern Democrats (1994).

David Resnick and Norman C. Thomas, "Cycling Through American Politics," Polity 23 (Fall 1990): 1-21.

Byron E. Shafer, ed., The End of Realignment? Interpreting American Electoral Eras (1991).

James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (1973, 1983).

Katherine Tate, From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Politics (1993).

Martin P. Wattenberg, The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1988 (1990).
 

November 6th. Interest Group Politics in a Post-Party Era.

**Mark P. Petracca, ed., Politics of Interests, chaps. 1, 3, 6, 8, 13, and 15.

**William C. Mitchell and Michael C. Munger, "Economic Models of Interest Groups: An Introductory Survey." [Reserve]

**Clarence N. Stone, "Group Politics Reexamined: From Pluralism to Political Economy," chap. 12 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 277-96.

William P. Browne, Cultivating Congress: Constituents, Issues, and Interests in Agricultural Policymaking (1994).

Anne Costain, Inviting Women's Rebellion: A Political Process Interpretation of the Women's Movement (1992).

Thomas Gais, Improper Influence: Campaign Finance Law, Political Interest Groups, and the Problem of Equality (1996). [Interest groups]

Virginia Gray and David Lowery, Population Ecology of Interest Representation (1996).

John Mark Hansen, Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981 (1991).

John P. Heinz, et al., The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making (1993).

Terry Moe, The Organization of Interests: Incentives and the Internal Dynamics of Political Interest Groups (1980).

Lawrence S. Rothenberg, Linking Citizens to Government: Interest Group Politics at Common Cause (1992).

Larry Sabato, PAC Power: Inside the World of Political Action Committees (1984).

Kay Lehman Schlozman and John T. Tierny, Organized Interests and American Democracy (1986).

James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (1990).

Robert M. Stein and Kenneth N. Bickers, Perpetuating the Pork Barrel: Policy Subsystems and American Democracy (1995).

Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Inequality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).

Jack L. Walker, "The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America," American Political Science Review 77 (1983): 390-406.

Jack L. Walker, Mobilizing Interest Groups in America (1991).
 
 
 

Part Three: National Institutions and Policy Making
 

November 13th. Congress: History, Structures, and Politics.

**Michael L. Mezey, "Legislatures: Individual Purpose and Institutional Performance." [Reserve]

**David Brady, "Incrementalism in the People's Branch: The Constitution and the Development of the Policy-making Process," chap. 2 in Nardulli, ed., Constitution and American Political Development, pp. 35-62.

**Charles Stewart III, "Responsiveness in the Upper Chamber: The Constitution and the Institutional Development of the Senate," chap. 3 in Nardulli, ed., Constitution and American Political Development, pp. 63-96.

**Roger Davidson, "The Emergence of the Post-Reform Congress." [Reserve]

R. Douglas Arnold, The Logic of Congressional Action (1990).

Richard F. Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development: 1880-1980 (1984).

Joseph M. Bessette, The Mild Voice of Reason: Deliberative Democracy and American National Government (1994).

Sarah A. Binder and Steven S. Smith, Politics or Principle? Filibustering in the United States Senate (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1996).

David W. Brady, Critical Elections and Congressional Policy Making (1988).

Gary W. Cox and Matthew D. McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House (1993).

Morris Fiorina, Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment (1977).

Richard L. Hall, Participation in Congress (1996).

Barbara Hinckley, Less Than Meets the Eye: Foreign Policy Making and the Myth of the Assertive Congress (1994).

Gary C. Jacobson, The Electoral Origins of Divided Government: Competition in House Elections, 1946-1988 (1990).

David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (1974).

Nelson Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review 62 (1968): 144-68.

Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal, Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting (1996).

David F. Rohde, Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).

Barbara Sinclair, Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era (1994).

Barbara Sinclair, The Transformation of the U.S. Senate (1990).

Carol M. Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress (1993).

Elaine K. Swift, The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress 1787-1841 (1996).
 

November 20th. Presidential Power Across Time.

**Bert A. Rockman, "Entrepreneur in the Constitutional Marketplace: The Development of the Presidency," chap. 4 in Nardulli, ed., Constitution and American Political Development, pp. 97-120.

**Jeffrey K. Tulis, "The Two Constitutional Presidencies." [Reserve]

**Fred I. Greenstein, "Change and Continuity in the Modern Presidency." [Reserve]

**Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make, chaps. 1-3, 7-8.

John P. Burke, The Institutional Presidency (1992).

Thomas E. Cronin, ed., Inventing the American Presidency (1989).

Matthew J. Dickinson, Bitter Harvest: FDR, Presidential Power, and the Growth of the Presidential Branch (1996).

Thomas S. Langston, Ideologues and Presidents: From the New Deal to the Reagan Revolution (1992).

William E. Leuchtenburg, In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan, rev. ed. (1989)

Theodore Lowi, The Personal President: Power Invested, Promise Unfulfilled (1985).

Forest McDonald, The American Presidency: An Intellectual History (1994).

Sidney M. Milkis, The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System since the New Deal (1993).

Richard Neustadt, Presidential Power (1960, 1976).

Stephen Skowronek, "Notes on the Presidency in the Political Order," Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986): 286-302.
 

November 25th (Note: Tuesday). The Judiciary in the Policy Process.

**Gerald N. Rosenberg, Hollow Hope, chaps. 1-5, 12.

**Mark A. Graber, "The Non-Majoritarian Difficulty." [Reserve]

Nancy V. Baker, Conflicting Loyalties: Law and Politics in the Attorney General's Office, 1789-1990 (1992).

Lawrence Baum, "Supreme Court Activism and the Constitution," in Nardulli, ed., Constitution and American Political Development.

Jonathan D. Casper, "The Supreme Court and National Policy Making,"American Political Science Review 70 (1) (1976): 50-63.

John B. Gates, The Supreme Court and Partisan Realignment: A Macro- and Microlevel Perspective (1991).

Gerald S. Gryski, Gary Zuk, and Deborah J. Barrow, "A Bench that Looks Like America? Representation of African-Americans and Latinos on the Federal Courts," Journal of Politics 56 (4) (November 1994): 1076-1086.

Ronald Kahn, The Supreme Court and Constitutional Theory, 1953-1993 (1994).

Michael W. McCann, Rights At Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization (1994)

Richard L. Pacelle, Jr., The Transformation of the Supreme Court's Agenda (1991).

Rebecca Mae Saloker, The Solicitor General: The Politics of Law (1992).

Martin Shapiro, "The Supreme Court's `Return' to Economic Regulation," Studies in American Political Development 1 (1986): 91-141.
 

December 4th. The Federal Bureaucracy and Regulatory Politics.

**Martin Shefter, Political Parties and the State, chap. 3 "Party, Bureaucracy, and Political Change in the United States." [Reserve]

**Brian Balogh, "Reorganizing the Organizational Synthesis: Federal-Professional Relations in Modern America." [Reserve]

**Bert A. Rockman, "The Federal Executive: Equilibrium and Change." [Reserve]

**Hugh Heclo, "Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment." [Reserve]

**James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy, chap. 5 "Interests." [Reserve]

Brian J. Cook, Bureaucracy and Self-Government: Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics (1996).

Robert F. Durant, The Administrative Presidency Revisited: Public Lands, the BLM, and the Reagan Revolution (1992).

Marc Allen Eisner, Regulatory Politics in Transition (1993).

Louis Galambos, ed., The New American State: Bureaucracies and Policies since World War II (1987).

Hugh Heclo, A Government of Strangers (1977).

Mark W. Huddleston and William W. Boyer, The Higher Civil Service in the United States: Quest for Reform (1996).

Patricia Wallace Ingraham, The Foundation of Merit: Public Service in America (1995).

Cathy Marie Johnson, The Dynamics of Conflicts Between Bureaucrats and Legislators (1992).

Ronald N. Johnson and Gary D. Libecap, The Federal Civil Service and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change (1994)

Paul C. Light, Thickening Government: Federal Hierarchy and the Diffusion of Accountability (1994).

Terry M. Moe, "The New Economics of Organization," American Journal of Political Science 28 (1984): 739-777.

Francis E. Rourke, ed., Bureaucratic Power in National Policy Making (1982).

Harold Seidman and Robert Gilmour, Politics, Position, and Power: From the Positive to the Regulatory State, 4th ed. (1986).

Robert M. Stein and Kenneth N. Bickers, Perpetuating the Pork Barrel: Policy Subsystems and American Democracy (1995).

James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy.

James Q. Wilson, ed., The Politics of Regulation (1980).
 

Supplemental Topic. Politics and the Policy Process.

Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics (1993).

John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (1984).

David B. Robertson and Dennis R. Judd, The Development of Public Policy: The Structure of Policy Restraint (1989).

Jean Reith Schroedel, Congress, the President, and Policymaking (1994).

Martin J. Smith, Pressures, Power, and Policy: Policy Networks and State Autonomy in Britain and the United States (1994).

Aaron Wildavsky, The New Politics of the Budgetary Process, 2nd ed. (1992).
 
 
 

Conclusion: Overviews and Syntheses
 

December 11th. Piecing Together American Politics: Key Issues and Emerging Scholarship.

**Karen Orren and Stephen Skowronek, "Beyond the Iconography of Order: Notes for a `New Institutionalism,'" chap. 14 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 311-30.

**Lawrence C. Dodd, "Political Learning and Political Change: Understanding Development Across Time," chap. 15 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 331-64.

**Hugh Heclo, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions," chap. 16 in Dodd and Jillson, eds., Dynamics of American Politics, pp. 366-92.

Alberto Alesina and Howard Rosenthal, Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the Economy (1994).

Richard A. Harris and Sidney M. Milkis, Remaking American Politics (1989).

Bryan D. Jones, ed., The New American Political System? Reflections on Political Change and the Clinton Administration (1995).

Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States, 2nd ed. (1979).

Theodore J. Lowi, The End of the Republican Era (1994).

David R. Mayhew, Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-1990 (1991).
 

December 18th. Final Exam